Depression, Anxiety and Stress Associated With Fear of COVID-19 in Peruvian Dental Students: A Multivariate Analysis With 12 Sociodemographic Factors
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2022-10-27Autor(es)
Cayo Rojas, César Félix
Castro-Pérez Vargas, Antonieta M.
Céspedes-Porras, Jacqueline
Echeverri-Junca, Luz H.
Córdova-Limaylla, Nancy Edith
López-Gurreonero, Carlos
Castro-Mena, Manuel J.
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Aim: Excessive fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in dental students
could cause mood disorders, especially if there are factors in the environment
that generate feelings of anxiety or uncertainty. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the fear of COVID-19 and its association with depression, anxiety, and
stress in Peruvian dental students according to their sociodemographic factors.
Materials and Methods: This analytical, observational, and cross-sectional study
was conducted in 398 dental students of a public university in the Peruvian capital
during April 2021 to July 2021. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale—21
items was used to diagnose depression, anxiety, and stress. The Fear of COVID 19 Scale was used to detect fear of COVID-19. The Pearson’s chi-square test
was used for statistical analysis. In addition, a logit model using odds ratio (OR)
was performed to evaluate depression, anxiety, and stress of students with the
associated factors: fear of COVID-19 and 12 sociodemographic variables (gender,
age group, marital status, year of study, origin, companion, living with vulnerable
people, history of mental illness, history of COVID-19, loss of close relatives due
to COVID-19, occupation, and area of residence). A significance level of P < .05
was considered. In addition, predictive models were developed for the variables
depression, anxiety, and stress, considering all possible significant causes.
Results: The prevalence of fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and stress was
19.6%, 36.2%, 40.7%, and 19.6%, respectively. According to the adjusted logit
model, students who had fear of COVID-19 had OR = 2.74 (95% confidence
interval [CI]: 1.62–4.64), OR = 5.59 (95% CI: 3.14–9.97), and OR = 3.31 (95%
CI: 1.88–5.83) for developing depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. In
addition, those who reported history of mental illness were four times more likely
to develop depression (OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.96–8.25) and anxiety (OR = 4.50,
95% CI: 2.06–9.82), whereas those living with people vulnerable to COVID-19
were twice as likely to develop stress (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.16–3.66). Conclusion:
The highest prevalence of mood disorders among dental students was anxiety.
In addition, those who were afraid of COVID-19 had three times the probability
of developing depression and stress, and five times the probability of developing anxiety. On the other hand, the most influential factor in the development of depression and anxiety was history of mental illness, whereas the factor of living
with vulnerable people was the most influential factor in the development of stress.
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